Narrowing of the pulmonary outflow tract (the valve and artery that connect the heart with the lungs)
Overriding aorta (the artery that carries oxygen-rich blood to the body) that is shifted over the right ventricle and ventricular septal defect, instead of coming out only from the left ventricle
Thickened wall of the right ventricle (right ventricular hypertrophy)
Tetralogy of Fallot is rare, but it is the most common form of cyanotic congenital heart disease. Patients with tetraology of Fallot are more likely to also have other congenital defects.
The cause of most congenital heart defects is unknown. Many factors seem to be involved.
Factors that increase the risk for this condition during pregnancy include:
Alcoholism in the mother
Diabetes
Mother who is over 40 years old
Poor nutrition during pregnancy
Rubella or other viral illnesses during pregnancy
Children with tetralogy of Fallot are more likely to have chromosome disorders, such as Down syndrome and DiGeorge syndrome (a condition that causes heart defects, low calcium levels, and poor immune function).
Symptoms
Blue color to the skin (cyanosis), which gets worse when the baby is upset
Clubbing of fingers (skin or bone enlargement around the fingernails)
Difficulty feeding (poor feeding habits)
Failure to gain weight
Passing out
Poor development
Squatting during episodes of cyanosis
Signs and tests
A physical examination with a stethoscope almost always reveals a heart murmur.
Tests may include:
Chest x-ray
Complete blood count (CBC)
Echocardiogram
Electrocardiogram (EKG)
MRI of the heart (generally after surgery)
Treatment
Surgery to repair tetralogy of Fallot is done when the infant is very young. Sometimes more than one surgery is needed. When more than one surgery is used, the first surgery is done to help increase blood flow to the lungs.
Surgery to correct the problem may be done at a later time. Often only one corrective surgery is performed in the first few months of life. Corrective surgery is done to widen part of the narrowed pulmonary tract and close the ventricular septal defect.
Expectations (prognosis)
Most cases can be corrected with surgery. Babies who have surgery usually do well. More than 90% survive to adulthood and live active, healthy, and productive lives. Without surgery, death usually occurs by the time the person reaches age 20.
Patients who have continued, severe leakiness of the pulmonary valve may need to have the valve replaced.
Regular follow-up with a cardiologist to monitor for life-threatening irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias) is recommended.
Seizures during periods when there is not enough oxygen
Death
Calling your health care provider
Call your health care provider if new unexplained symptoms develop or the patient is having an episode of cyanosis (blue skin).
If a child with tetralogy of Fallot becomes blue, immediately place the child on his or her side or back and put the knees up to the chest. Calm the baby and seek medical attention immediately.
Prevention
There is no known prevention.
References
Webb GD, Smallhorn JF, Therrien J, Redington AN. Congenital heart disease. In: Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2011: chap 65.
Review Date:
12/1/2011
Reviewed By:
Kurt R. Schumacher, MD, Pediatric Cardiology, University of Michigan Congenital Heart Center, Ann Arbor, MI. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
